Β-catenin is a key component of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway and plays a crucial role in multiple steps during chondrogenesis and chondrocyte maturation. Several growth factors and signaling proteins have been reported to be involved in the regulation of chondrocyte differentiation and maturation, including FGF, BMP, Ihh, PTHrP, Runx2, Runx3 and Wnt ( Kolpakova and Olsen, 2005 Komori, 2003 Kronenberg, 2003 Ornitz, 2005 Yoon and Lyons, 2004). Since each step is precisely regulated, mutations of genes involved in these processes frequently result in skeletal malformation or abnormal bone formation ( Kronenberg, 2003). Calcified cartilage is subsequently invaded by blood vessels that deliver osteoblasts and osteoclasts precursors, in order to begin the primary bone formation and remodeling. Immature chondrocytes develop in the center of mesenchymal condensation and undergo a highly regulated maturation process that sequentially involves chondrocyte proliferation, hypertrophy and matrix calcification. Altogether the findings confirm a crucial role for Wnt/β-catenin in postnatal growth.Įndochondral bone formation is a complex process that is initiated by mesenchymal cell condensation at specific sites and differentiation into chondrocyte precursors. Isolated primary Col2a1-ICAT transgenic chondrocytes showed reduced expression of chondrocyte genes associated with maturation, and demonstrated that VEGF gene expression requires cooperative interactions between BMP2 and β-catenin signaling. Col2a1-ICAT transgenic mice showed reduced chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation, and an increase in chondrocyte apoptosis, leading to decreased widths of the proliferating and hypertrophic zones, delayed formation of the secondary ossification center, and reduced skeletal growth. Transgene expression was limited to the chondrocytes in the growth plate and articular cartilages and was associated with decreased β-catenin signaling. Mice were viable and had normal size at birth, but became progressively runted. To address the role of β-catenin in postnatal skeletal growth and development, Col2a1-ICAT transgenic mice were generated. those documents other than research articles, reviews and conference papers.The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is essential for normal skeletal development because conditional gain or loss of function of β-catenin in cartilage results in embryonic or early postnatal death.
Icat vision q windows#
Not every article in a journal is considered primary research and therefore "citable", this chart shows the ratio of a journal's articles including substantial research (research articles, conference papers and reviews) in three year windows vs. journal self-citations removed) received by a journal's published documents during the three previous years.Įxternal citations are calculated by subtracting the number of self-citations from the total number of citations received by the journal’s documents.
The two years line is equivalent to journal impact factor ™ (Thomson Reuters) metric.Įvolution of the number of total citation per document and external citation per document (i.e. The chart shows the evolution of the average number of times documents published in a journal in the past two, three and four years have been cited in the current year. This indicator counts the number of citations received by documents from a journal and divides them by the total number of documents published in that journal. Measurement devices (pressure, temperature, flow, voltage, frequency etc.), precision engineering, medical devices, instrumentation for education (devices and software), sensor technology, mechatronics and robotics.
Instrumentation engineering and science: Solid-state physics, radio engineering, telecommunications, control systems, signal processing, power electronics, electronic devices and circuits and automation. Operations research, systems engineering, management science, complex systems and cybernetics applications and information technologies
Icat vision q software#
JART classifies research into the following main fields:īiomaterials, carbon, ceramics, composite, metals, polymers, thin films, functional materials and semiconductors.Ĭomputer graphics and visualization, programming, human-computer interaction, neural networks, image processing and software engineering. The journal does not charge for submission, processing, publication of manuscripts or for color reproduction of photographs. JART publishes manuscripts describing original research, with significant results based on experimental, theoretical and numerical work. The Journal of Applied Research and Technology (JART) is a bimonthly open access journal that publishes papers on innovative applications, development of new technologies and efficient solutions in engineering, computing and scientific research.
0 kommentar(er)
